Test 03-Passage 1:Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers 纠错
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Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.

很少有比雷暴天气更令人感到恐怖的天气了。仅在美国,猛烈的雷暴电流每年都会造成大约500人死亡或重伤。云层翻滚而来的时候,在户外打一场轻松的高尔夫成了一件异常可怕的事情,无异于是在拿自己的性命开玩笑——孤身一人在户外的高尔夫球手可能是闪电最喜欢攻击的目标。此外,闪电也会带来财产损失。每年闪电会对美国电力公司造成超过一亿美元的损失。

But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.

不过,美国和日本的研究人员正在策划回击闪电的方案。他们已开始通过实验测试中和雷暴电荷的各种方法。今年冬天,他们将直面雷暴:使用配备的激光器射向空中的雨云,使其在闪电出现之前放电。

The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets,' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.

使雨云根据指令释放闪电并非一个新想法。早在20世纪60年代早期,研究者们就尝试过把带着拖曳线的火箭射入雨云,以期为这些云层发出的庞大的电荷群搭建起便捷的放电路径。由于受到建在加利福尼亚的电力研究所(EPRI)的支持,这一技术在佛罗里达的州立大学试验基地幸存到了今天。EPRI由电力公司资助,现正致力于研究保护美国输电网不受闪电袭击的方法。“我们可以通过火箭让闪电击向我们想让它去的地方,”EPRI的闪电项目经理Ralph Bmmein如此说道。该火箭基地现在能对闪电电压进行精确测量,并可以让工程师们检测电气设备的负载。

Bad behaviour

不良行为

But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved,' says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go.

虽然火箭在研究中功不可没,但它们无法提供闪电来袭时所有人都希求的保护。每支火箭造价大约1,200美元,发射频率有限,而失败率却高达40%。即使它们确实能够引发闪电,事情也无法总是按计划顺利进行。“闪电可不那么听话,”Bernstein说,“它们偶尔会走岔路,射到它们本不该去的地方。”

And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down,' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely- and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.

但不管怎样,有谁会想在人口密集的地区发射成群的火箭呢?“射上去的肯定会掉下来,”新墨西哥大学的Jean-Claude Diels指出。Diels现在正在负责一个项目,该项目由ERPI所支持,试图通过发射激光使闪电安全放电——安全是一项基本要求,因为没人愿意把他们自己的性命或他们的昂贵设备置于危险之中。有了迄今为止的50万美元的投入,一套有巨大潜力的系统装置正在该实验室慢慢成形。

The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.

这一系统装置的想法始于大约20年前,当时正在开发大功率激光器从原子中提取电荷并生成离子的能力。如果激光器能够生成一条直达暴雨云的离子线,就可以在闪电电场增强为一股无法控制的涌流并击破空气之前,用这条传导通道把电荷引导到地面上来。为了防止激光器本身受到电击,不能把它直接对准云层,而是要把它对准一面镜子,让激光通过镜子折射向天空。要在靠近镜子的四周布置闪电传导器从而对其进行保护。理想的做法是,云层遥控器(枪)要比较廉价,以便能够把它们安装在所有重点电力设备周围;另外还要方便携带,以便在国际运动赛事场地中用于使逐渐聚积的雨云失去威力。

A stumbling block

绊脚石

However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.

可是,仍存在巨大的绊脚石。激光器并不方便携带:它是个能占据整个房间的庞然大物。Dids一直想要缩小它的体积,并表示很快就会有小型桌子大小的激光器了。他计划在明年夏天用真正的雨云来实际测试这个更容易操作的激光系统。

Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet, but I'm working on it,' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each.

Bemstein表示,Diels的激光系统正在引起各电力公司的广泛兴趣。但他们还没有准备好EPRI提出的500万美元——开发一个让激光器更小巧、价格也更便宜的商用系统的所需资金。Bernstein说:“我还不能说我已经拿到钱了,但是我正在为之努力。”他认为,即将进行的实地测试会成为一个转折点,而且他也在期待着好消息。Bernstein预言,如果一切顺利,这将吸引“排山倒海般的兴趣和支持”。他希望看到云层遥控器的最终价格能定在每台5万到10万美元之间。

Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather,' he says.

其他科学家也能从中受益。如果手上有了控制闪电的“开关”,材料科学家就可以了解强大的电流遇到物质时会发生什么现象。Diels也希望看到“互动气象学”问世——不仅仅是预测天气,而且能控制天气。“如果我们能使云层放电,我们也许就能左右天气,”他说。

And perhaps, says Diels, we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning,' he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.

而且也许,Diels说,我们将能够对抗一些其他的气象威胁。“我们认为我们也许能通过引导闪电来阻止冰雹,”他说。雷,来自于闪电的冲击波,被认为是大暴雨——典型的雷暴天气——的触发器。一个激光雷工厂可以把水汽从云层中震出,这样也许可以阻止威胁庄稼的大冰雹的形成。如果运气好的话,在今年冬天雨云聚积的时候,持有激光器的研究者们就能第一次对其进行回击了。

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

  • A.cloud-zappers
  • B.atoms
  • C.storm clouds
  • D.mirrors
  • E.technique
  • F.ions
  • G.rockets
  • H.conductors
  • I.thunder
Weather during the Little Ice Age
In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7. This laser is then directed at 8 in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9. As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10.
显示答案
正确答案:7.B  8.C  9.G  10.D  

考生贡献解析

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main topic文章的标题答案 D 通过标题知道整篇文章的主旨是“通过 激光来回击闪电”,因此答案是 D 选项,意思为 “一种用于控制闪电袭击的激光技术”,属于对标 题的同义替换。

当前解析由FHC提供

every year lightening第一段答案 A 本题考查关于每年闪电情况的细节,可 定位于第一段。B 选项可以通过 golfer 一词来定 位,也在第一段,原文意思是“孤单的高尔夫球 手或许将是闪电之箭最为有吸引力的目标”,选 项 B“在美国主要杀死或者伤害高尔夫球手”改 变了原意 ;C 和 D 选项可以分别通过 500,100 这两个数字来定位到第一段,但是 C 选项中将原 文 in the United States 偷换成了 throughout the world,因此不对 ;D 中将原文的$100 million 偷换成 100 companies,也不对。通过对第一段 的概括,可以知道闪电带来的影响是非常大的, 因此答案是 A。

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University of Florida, University of New Mexico第三段和第 五段答案A 题目问的是UniversityofFlorida和 University of New Mexico 的研究员的关系。通 过 University of Florida 和 University of New Mexico 分别定位至第三段和第五段。对两处论 述进行对比,不难得出两者共同之处是“从同一 来源获得经费”,都是 EPRI。答案是 A。

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EPRI第三段第 5-6 行根据原文“EPRI, which is funded by power companies”可知,本题答案为 power companies。

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Diels, advantage第五段第 3-4 行解答本题,需要根据 Diels 和 advantage 来定位, 寻找论及到 Diels 的地方,并且要提炼出他的技 术的优点。定位到第五段,从第五段第 3-4 行的 论述发现 safely 和 safety 是论述的重点。而空格 处需要填副词,因此答案是 safely。

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laser equipment, difficulty第七段第 1-2 句根据 laser equipment 和 difficulty 来定位,定位到 第七段。第七段第 1 句话中的 stumbling block 就 是 difficulty 的同义替换,后面论及到最大的困难 是 not portable,因此要减小 size。因此,本题答 案是 size。

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removing electrons第六段第 2 行答案 B 根据 removing electrons 来定位,找 到第六段第 2 行,文章说 when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms..., 其 中 原 文 中 的 extract 对应题干中的 removing,所以答案是 B atoms。

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then, control electrical charges第 六 段 第 2-4 行答案 C 根据 then 知道,本题描述的是紧 挨着第 7 题论述的动作的,因此可估计本 题的答案紧随第 7 题答案之后。原文中的 guide lightning to Earth 也就是题干中所说的 control electric charges,而达到这个目的就 需要将激光对准 storm clouds。

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less dangerous than第四段和第五 段答案 G 解答本题需要对文章有一个提炼,第 9 题问的是激光是相对于哪种方式更加有安全 的技术。根据第四段和第五段可以知道,第 四段说火箭发射的缺点,第五段说出于安全 性的考虑开始使用激光,因此答案应该是火 箭(rockets)。

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protection, aimed firstly第 六 段 第 3-4 句答案 D 定位到第六段的第 3-4 句,其中原文 中的 To stop the laser itself being struck 就相 当于题干中的 As a protection for the lasers, 所以显然本题的答案是 mirrors。

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Diels, enough money电力公司已经 给 Diels 足够的 资金来发展激 光技术。NO 根据第八段前两句的论述可知,目前 Diels 已经吸引了电力公司的关注,但是开发 更小更便宜的激光系统所需要的 500 万美元 的资金还没有提上日程。题目表述与原文相 矛盾。

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depend on tests in real stoms是否能获得资 金来改进激光 技术将取决于 真实雷雨中的 测试结果。YES 根据第八段 Bernstein 的话可知,他认 为即将来临的实地测验将是转折点,他希望 有好消息。如果一切进展顺利,Berstein 预测 关注和支持将潮涌而来。题目表述符合文意。

当前解析由FHC提供

weather forecasters天气预报员对 Diels 的系统很 感兴趣。NOT GIVEN 文章第九段虽然提到了天气预 报,即 Diels 希望将来看到“交互式气象学”, 不仅是预报天气,还可以控制天气 ;但是却 并没有提到过 weather forecasters 的态度,他 们也许感兴趣,也许不感兴趣,无从判断。

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Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers

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