Test 01-Passage 2:THE FALKIRK WHEEL 纠错
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A unique engineering achievement

一个独特的工程成就

The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world's first and only rotating boat lift. Opened in 2002, it is central to the ambitious £84.5m Millennium Link project to restore navigability across Scotland by reconnecting the historic waterways of the Forth & Clyde and Union Canals.

苏格兰的法尔柯克水轮是世界上首个也是唯一一个船只升降转轮。法尔柯克水轮启用于2002年,它对于斥资8450万英镑的千禧廊道项目至关重要,该水轮通过重新连接福斯&克莱德运河和联盟运河间曾经的航路来恢复苏格兰的适航性。

The major challenge of the project lay in the fact that the Forth & Clyde Canal is situated 35 metres below the level of the Union Canal. Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks - enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered - that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km. This had been dismantled in 1933, thereby breaking the link. When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first­century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region.

这项工程的主要挑战在于福斯&克莱德运河地处低于联盟运河35米的地方。在历史上,两条运河经由11个船闸交汇在福尔柯克小镇附近,这些船闸在1.5公里的距离内逐步向下,这是运河的封闭部分,其中的水位可以升高或降低。这一设施于1933年被拆除,从而切断了运河间的联系。当项目在1994年启动时,英国航道管理局希望建立一座引入注目的21世纪里程碑式建筑,这将不仅仅是对千禧廊道的一个恰当纪念,同时还是这一地区经济复兴的持久象征。

Numerous ideas were submitted for the project, including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting tanks, from giant see­saws to overhead monorails. The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk Wheel. The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources, both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double- headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish.

人们对这一项目提出了很多想法,其中包括从滚动装置到倾斜槽,从巨大的跷板到高架单轨。最终胜出的是建造巨大的旋转钢制船舶升降设备的计划,也就是之后的法尔柯克水轮。据称这一装置的独特形状受到了各种材料的启发,人工的和天然的都有,尤其是著名的凯尔特双头斧、巨大的船只转动螺旋浆、以及鲸鱼的胸膛或是鱼类的脊椎。

The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all constructed and assembled, like one giant toy building set, at Butterley Engineering's Steelworks in Derbyshire, some 400 km from Falkirk. A team there carefully assembled the 1,200 tonnes of steel, painstakingly fitting the pieces together to an accuracy of just 10 mm to ensure a perfect final fit. In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk, before all being bolted back together again on the ground, and finally lifted into position in five large sections by crane. The Wheel would need to withstand immense and constantly changing stresses as it rotated, so to make the structure more robust, the steel sections were bolted rather than welded together. Over 45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts, and each bolt was hand-tightened.

法尔柯克水轮的不同部分都在距离法尔柯克400公里的德比郡巴特利工程炼钢厂制造和组装,它就像一组巨大的玩具建筑一样。那里的团队仔细装配了1200吨钢铁部件,竭尽全力地以细致到仅为10毫米的精确度将零件组装在一起,以确保完美的最终合并。2001年夏天,这一设备先被拆分并用35辆货车运至法尔柯克,然后所有部件在地面上再次用螺栓连接在一起,最终通过起重机将五个部分起吊到位。水轮转动时将承担巨大并且持续变化的压力,因此为了使装置更加坚固,钢铁部件通过螺栓连接而非焊接在一起。超过45000个螺栓孔被它们的螺栓所填充,每个螺栓都由人工手动旋紧。

The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms, attached about 25 metres apart to a fixed central spine. Two diametrically opposed water-filled 'gondolas,' each with a capacity of 360,000 litres, are fitted between the ends of the arms. These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they are carrying boats. This is because, according to Archimedes' principle of displacement, floating objects displace their own weight in water. So when a boat enters a gondola, the amount of water leaving the gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat. This keeps the Wheel balanced and so, despite its enormous mass, it rotates through 180° in five and a half minutes while using very little power. It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5.4 MJ) of energy to rotate the Wheel - roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water.

水轮由两组相反的斧形悬臂组成,连接在一条固定的中心柱上,彼此相距约25米。有两个完全相反的充满水的“贡多拉”,每个的容量为360,000公升,它们连接于悬臂的末尾处。无论是否携带船只。贡多拉的重量总是一致。这是因为,按照阿基米德的位移原理,漂浮的物体会在水中排出他们自身的重量;因此当船只进入贡多拉时,离开贡多拉的水同船只重量完全一致。这使水轮保持平衡,所以虽然质量巨大,但是它在五分半钟的时间里旋转180度仅消耗非常小的能量。只需要1.5千瓦时(5.4兆焦耳)的能量就能旋转水轮——大约相当于烧开八小壶家用水壶中的水所需的能量。

Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the Forth & Clyde Canal and then enter the lower gondola of the Wheel. Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from the water in the canal basin. The water between the gates is then pumped out. A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn. In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central axle. The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel, which begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per minute. As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system. Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs - so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level. When the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above the canal basin.

需要被吊起的船只在福斯&克莱德运河的高度进入运河港池,之后进入水轮中较低的贡多拉。两个水力钢闸门被升起,从而把贡多拉封闭于运河港池之中,然后泵出闸门间的水。防止贡多拉停靠时水轮悬臂移动的液压夹板会被移走,让水轮得以旋转。在中心机房,十个液压发动机开始旋转中心轴。中心轴连接着水轮的外臂,外臂开始以每分钟1/8转的速度旋转。随着水轮转动,贡多拉被一个简单的齿轮装置保持在垂直位置。两个宽八米的齿轮围绕着一个宽度相同的固定内部齿轮旋转,它们被两个以相反方向转向外部齿轮的较小齿轮连接——从而确保贡多拉一直保持水平。当贡多拉到达顶部时,船只径直穿过位于运河港池上方24米处的沟渠。

The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks. The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD. Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and finally on to the Union Canal.

到达联盟运河所需的剩下11米起吊距离通过一对水闸来实现。罗马人在公元二世纪建造了具有历史重要性的安东尼墙,由于它的存在,人们无法在相差35米的两条运河间建造水轮以便升起船只。船只通过隧道在安东尼墙下行驶,然后经过水闸,最终进入联盟运河。

Label the diagram blow.
Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.

How a boat is lifted on the Falkirk Whee

A pair of are lifted in order to shut out water from canal basin
A is taken out, enabling Wheel to rotate
Hydraulic motors drive
Boat is raised, floating in one of Wheel's two gondolas
A range of different-sized ensures boat keeps upright
Boat reaches top Wheel, then moves directly onto
Boat travels through tunnel beneath Roman
raise boat 11 m to level of Union Canal
显示答案
正确答案: 20. gates    21. clamp    22. axle    23. cogs    24. aqueduct    25. wall    26. locks   

考生贡献解析

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参考译文:法尔柯克水轮在历史上第一次连接了福斯 & 克莱德运河和联盟运河。

定位词:the Forth & Clyde Canal, the Union Canal

解题关键词:linked, for first time 

文中对应点:第一段第一,二句:The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world\'s first and only rotating boat lift. Open in 2002, it is central to the ambitions £84.5m Millennium Link project to restore navigability across Scotland by reconnecting the historic waterways of the Falkirk Wheel 和两条代表运河名称的专有名词都可以帮助我们定位到文章第一段。本段第二句明确的说明到 reconnecting the historic waterways, 其中reconnect 和 historic 都说明两条运河间曾经有连接,因此这不是 the first time , 题目表述与原文相反,本题答案为FALSE。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

参考译文:起初对于法尔柯柯水轮的设计存在一些反对意见。

定位词:at first, the design of the Falkirk wheel 

解题关键词:some opposition

文中对应点:第三段 题目说到起初对于法尔柯水轮的设计存在一些反对意见。与 at first 以及法尔柯水轮设计有关的内容出现在文章第三段,但本段并没有提到人们对设计是否有所反对,因此本题答案为 NOT GIVEN。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

参考译文:法尔柯水轮最初在它的部件制作地点进行组装。

定位词:The Falkirk Wheel , put together

解题关键词:the location where its components were manufactured 

文中对应点:第四段第一句:The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel all constructed and assembled, like one giant toy building set, at Butterley Engineering\'s Steelworks Derbyshire,  some 400 km from Falkirk.

题目说的是法尔柯水轮的组装和制作。在文中第四段第一句已经说到法尔柯水轮的各个部分都在同一个地点 constructed and assembled, 其中constructed 与题目中的 manufactured 为同义替换,而assembled 与题目中的 put together 为同义替换,因此,本题答案为TRUE。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

参考译文:法尔柯水轮是世界上唯一一个钢铁部件由螺栓手动组装的船只升降装置。

定位词:steel sections bolted together by hand 

解题关键词:the only boat lift 

文中对应点:第四段最后一句:Over 45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts, and each bolt was hand-tightened.

 本题表述中存在两个要点:一是法尔柯水轮的钢铁部分是否为手动组装;二是它是不是世界上唯一一个这样的装置。第一个要点在文中第四段结尾处有提及:Over 24,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts, and each bolt was hand-tightened, 与题目表述一致,但是否为 the only boat lift 在文中未涉及,因此本题答案为NOT GIVEN。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

参考译文:贡多拉的重量根据携带船只的大小而不同。

定位词:the weight of the gondolas 

解题关键词:varies, the size of boat

文中对应点:第五段第三句:These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they are carrying boats.

本题说到贡多拉的重量。在文中第五段第三句中能够找到对应信息,文中写到 these gondolas always weigh the same, 后面说明贡多拉的重量并不会由于携带船只而变得不同,因此本题答案为FALSE。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

参考译文:法尔柯水轮的建造地考虑到了附近古代历史遗迹的存在。

定位词:The construction of the Falkirk Wheel site 

解题关键词:the presence of a nearby ancient monument

文中对应点: 第七段第二,三句:The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which  was built by the Romans in the second century AD. Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and finally on to the Union Canal.

本题说到了附近的古代历史遗迹,从文中第七段第二句中可以看出水轮建造时需要考虑 the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall 这个因素,而实际上法尔柯水轮也确实考虑到这一点;题目表述与原文信息完全一致,因此本题答案为TRUE。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

定位词: a pair of, shut out water, canal basin 

文中对应点:第六段第二句:Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from the water in the canal basin.

题目解析:句首的 a pair of 可以作为一个线索,同时空中填入内容应当为 lift 的宾语,且这一动作的目的是为了 shut out water from canal basin。在文中第六段第二句出现的two为 a pair of 的同义替换。最后参考本题字数要求,答案为gates。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

定位词:take out, rotate 

文中对应点:A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn.

题目解析:本题填入的内容被 take out, 同时这会使水轮转动 。文章第六段第四句提到 a hydraulic clamp,…,is removed ,此处removed  与 taken out 为同义转换;同时 allowing the Wheel to rotate也成为同义替换,因此本题答案为clamp。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

定位词:hydraulic motors 

文中对应点:第五段第六句:In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then beings to rotate the central axle.

题目解析:本题问到液压发动机 drive 的是什么。文章第八段第五句说到an array of ten   hydraulic motors then beings to rotate the central axle,因此本题答案为 axle。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

定位词:different-sized, upright

文中对应点:第六段第七,八句:As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system. Two eight-metre -wide cogs orbits a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by to smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs-so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level.

题目解析:本题问到很多不同大小的___使船只保持水平。文中第六段第七句中提到 upright position , 之后在第八句中对 a simple gear system 做了详细的解释,各种大小不同的cogs 是这一设施的关键,而第八句结尾再次出现了与 keep upright 的意思相同的 remain level,因此本题答案为 cogs。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

定位词:11 Union Canal

文中对应点:第七段第一句:The remaining 11 meter of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means  of a pair of locks.

题目解析:本体出现数字11 和专有名词Union Canal, 由此可定位到第七段第一句。结尾处的 achieves by means of a pair of locks 说明船只由 locks 升起,因此本题答案为 locks 。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

定位词:travels through tunnel , Roman

文中对应点:第七段第二,三句:The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals,owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD. Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and finally on to the Union Canal.

题目解析:通过大写字母Roman 可以定位到第七段第二句,第三句也说到 boats travel under this wall via a tunnel,可见此处的wall 就是上句说到的 Antonine Wall, 因此本题答案为 wall 。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

定位词:11 Union Canal

文中对应点:第七段第一句:The remaining 11 meter of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means  of a pair of locks.

题目解析:本体出现数字11 和专有名词Union Canal, 由此可定位到第七段第一句。结尾处的 achieves by means of a pair of locks 说明船只由 locks 升起,因此本题答案为 locks 。


当前解析由AllMightyCzy提供

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