Part A:
Good morning everyone.
大家早上好。
Now whether you're going to University to study business or some other subject, many of you will eventually end up working for a company of some kind.
现在，无论你是去大学学习商科还是其他的一些科目，你们中的很多人最终会最终会选择为某个公司工作。
Now, when you first start working somewhere you will realise that the organisation you've joined has certain characteristics.
现在，当你第一次在某个地方开始工作时，你会意识到，你已经加入了有一定特点的组织。
And we often refer to these social characteristics as the culture of the organisation- this includes its unwritten ideas, beliefs, values and things like that.
我们经常把这些社会特性认为是组织的文化，包括它的不成文的思想、信仰、价值观等。
One well known writer has classified company cultures by identifying four major types.
一个著名的作家通过识别四种主要类型来把企业文化进行分类。
The first type is called the Power Culture, and it's usually found in small organisations.
第一种类型被称为“权力文化”，通常在小公司中被发现。
It's the type of culture that needs a central source of power to be effective, and because control is in the hands of just one or two people there aren't many rules or procedures.
它是一种需要把权力集中起来才能高效运作的文化，因为控制权是在一个或两个人的手中，所以有没有很多的规则或程序。
Another characteristic is that communication usually takes the form of conversations rather than, say, formal meetings or written memos.
另一个特点是沟通通常采用对话的形式而不是正式会议或书面备忘录。
Now one of the benefits of this culture is that the organisation has the ability to act quickly, so it responds well to threat, or danger on the one hand, and opportunity on the other.
现在，这种文化的好处之一是，该公司有能力迅速行动，所以面对威胁，或危险的一方面，或者机会等另一方面，它都可以做出很好的回应。
But on the negative side, this type of organisation doesn't always act effectively, because it depends too much on one or two people at the top, and when these people make poor decisions there's no-one else who can influence them.
但在消极的一面，这种类型的组织并不总是有效的，因为它太多的依赖领导层的一两个人，当这些人做了不好的决定时，却没有人可以影响他们。
And the kind of person who does well in this type of business culture is one who is happy to take risks, and for whom job security is a low priority.
在这种类型的企业文化中，做的好的人都能很好地承担风险，对他来说，工作的安全性是一个优先级很低的问题。
The next types if known as Role Culture--that's R-O-L-E, not R-O-double L, by the way, and this type is usually found in large companies, which have lots of different levels in them.
下一个类型被称为角色文化——是R-O-L-E，不R-O-L-L，顺便说一下，这种类型的企业文化通常是在大公司里会有的，他们的岗位有很多的级别。
These organisations usually have separate departments that specialise in things like finance, or sales, or maintenance, or whatever.
这些企业通常有单独的部门，专门从事像金融，或销售，或运维，或什么的。
Each one is co-ordinated at the top by a small group of senior managers and typically everyone's job is controlled by sets of rules and procedures-for example, there are specific job descriptions, rules for discipline, and so on.
每一个都是由一小组高级经理来协调的，通常每个人的工作都是由规则和流程来控制的，例如，有特定的工作描述、纪律的规则等等。
What are the benefits of this kind of culture?
这种文化的好处是什么?
Well firstly, because it's found in large organisations, its fixed costs, or overheads as they're known, are low in relation to it's output, or what it produces.
首先，因为它在大型企业中，它的固定成本，或管理费用，因为它们是已知的，和它的输出关系不大，或和它所产出的。
In other words it can achieve economies of scale.
换句话说，它可以实现规模经济。
And secondly, it is particularly successful in business markets where technical expertise is important.
其次，尤其是在成功的在商业市场中，技术专长是很重要的。
On the other hand, this culture is often very slow to recognise the need for change, and even slower to react.
另一方面，这种文化往往是非常缓慢的，它需要很长时间才能意识到需要改变，做出反应就更慢了。
What kind of person does this type of culture suit?
这种企业文化适合什么样的员工呢?
Well it suits employees who value security, and who don't particularly want to have responsibility.
它很适合那些看重安全的员工，而谁也不希望承担责任。
Part B:
Moving on now to Task
现在来说任务文化一这个类型是在面向项目的公司中发现的。
Cultures-this type is found in organisations that are project-oriented.
你通常发现公司的产品市场竞争激烈，或者产品本身的寿命很短。
You usually find it where the market for the company's product is extremely competitive, or where the products themselves have a short life-span.
你通常发现公司的产品市场竞争激烈，或者产品本身的寿命很短。
Usually top management delegates the projects, the people and other resources.
通常管理层代表项目，员工和其他资源。
And once these have been allocated, little day-to-day control is exercised from the top, because this would seem like "breaking the rules"
一旦这些任务被分配下来，小到日常的控制是从高层开始执行，因为这似乎看起来像“打破规则”。
Now one of the major benefits of this culture is that it's flexible.
现在，这种文化的主要优点之一是它的灵活性。
But it does have some major disadvantages too.
但它也有一些主要的缺点。
For instance, it can't produce economies of scale or great depth of expertise.
例如，它不能产生规模经济或巨大的专业知识。
People who like working in groups or teams prefer this type of culture.
欢在小组中工作或团队工作的人更喜欢这种类型的文化。
And finally, the fourth category is called the Person Culture...
最后，第四类被称为“人文文化”…
