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第一段
1 .Good morning, everyone,
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2 .and welcome to your first lecture in Development Studies.
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第二段
1 .Development Studies, as a discipline,
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2 .can be boiled down to a couple of core objectives.
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3 .Basically, we are trying to understand how it is that societies experience particular kinds of change and how they progress as they develop.
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4 .We're also trying to go beyond that, however,
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5 .and work out how different sorts of action can facilitate or even encourage these changes to happen.
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第三段
1 .To achieve these objectives, there are two key approaches that underpin Development Studies.
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2 .Firstly, there's a theoretical approach,
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3 .which is all about the 'how' of change.
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4 .with theory we can explore some of the big questions: What kind of change should we aspire to,
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5 .and how can this be achieved?
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6 .But we don't just talk;
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7 .we've also got to apply some of this thinking.
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8 .So through the applied approach we're looking at specific policies,
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9 .and trying to understand how they can most effectively be put into place.
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第四段
1 .Although we try not to limit ourselves, we do focus on a few key areas.
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2 .Due to our location, for example,
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3 .the Asia-Pacific region is an important area of research for us.
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4 .At the moment we're doing a lot of work on urbanisation, and there are two elements to this.
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5 .One is employment, as urbanisation leads to major employment problems,
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6 .and the other is housing -with so many people moving to cities,
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7 .many of them struggle to find a place to live.
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8 .Other issues of particular interest to our staff are migration and, of course, trade.
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第五段
1 .So what will you be able to do with a degree in Development Studies?
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2 .Well, firstly, you'll develop a full working knowledge of all aspects of development.
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3 .You'll also learn how to gather data.
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4 .We include sessions on how to gather statistics,
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5 .but we mostly focus on textual data,
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6 .that is, policy briefings, research reports, and so on.
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7 .Once you've done your research,
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8 .you need to know what it all means;
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9 .after all,
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10 .there's not much point in collecting a whole lot of data if you don't know whether it is significant or not - so we're going to teach you how to critically evaluate your findings.
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11 .And finally, teamwork is a big part of development work -your major piece of research work for this class is done in groups of four,
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12 .so you're going to learn how to cooperate as a team in order to plan and conduct this research assignment.
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第六段
1 .I want to move on now to give you a brief overview of how Development Studies has evolved as a discipline since it was first established.
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第七段
1 .The first thing to note is that, unlike other subjects, such as mathematics or philosophy,
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2 .Development Studies is very young.
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3 .It began taking shape as a formal discipline only in the 1950s.
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4 .At that stage, economic concerns were at the forefront of nearly all research efforts.
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5 .Researchers assumed that development in general could be measured by indicators such as Gross Domestic Product {GDP), or unemployment levels.
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第八段
1 .In the 1970s, a new set of scholars took charge.
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2 .These researchers,informed by the social movements of the 1960s,
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3 .brought a new set of issues to the table.
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4 .At that time, Development Studies grew increasingly critical of established practices,
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5 .and the assumptions that lay behind these practices.
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6 .Questions were raised in three areas: the role of power in creating policy,
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7 .the importance of environmentally sustainable change, and problems with inequalities in terms of gender.
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第九段
1 .From the 1980s onwards, the economy staged a comeback as a centrepiece of development practice.
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2 .A key factor here was the reduced significance of national governments due to a number of market-led reforms in many countries around the world.
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3 .In contrast to the 1950s, however, researchers have recently shown a heightened interest in smaller-scale economic projects.
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4 .One significant innovation here is the idea of making tiny loans, sometimes only a few dollars, to help women, in particular, to start up a small business.
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第十段
1 .And that brings us today.
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2 .So let's finish now by talking about...
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